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␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧Y␈↓∧Computer Science Department
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ¬)Stanford University

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ε␈↓αApril 1979




␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ εε␈↓Proposal to

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧f␈↓∧National Science Foundation

␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ¬U␈↓for continuation of

␈↓ ↓H␈↓␈↓ ∧
␈↓∧Basic Research in Artificial Intelligence


␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ¬SJohn McCarthy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ∧VProfessor of Computer Science
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ¬→Principal Investigator










␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧␈↓ ε↔␈↓αAbstract


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓This␈α⊂is␈α⊂a␈α⊂request␈α⊂for␈α⊂continuation␈α⊃of␈α⊂NSF␈α⊂Grant␈α⊂MCS78-00524␈α⊂supporting␈α⊂Basic␈α⊃Research␈α⊂in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Artificial␈α∞Intelligence.␈α∞ The␈α∞renewal␈α∞will␈α∞continue␈α∂for␈α∞the␈α∞second␈α∞year␈α∞the␈α∞activities␈α∂proposed␈α∞for
␈↓ ↓H␈↓three␈α∞years␈α
in␈α∞our␈α
proposal␈α∞of␈α
April␈α∞26,␈α
1978.␈α∞ The␈α
amount␈α∞requested␈α
is␈α∞$101,697,␈α∞in␈α
accordance
␈↓ ↓H␈↓with␈αthe␈αbudget␈αsubmitted␈αin␈αthe␈αprevious␈αproposal,␈αless␈αestimated␈αcarry-over␈αof␈αresidual␈αfunds␈αin
␈↓ ↓H␈↓the amount of $45,193.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ∧ABasic Research in Artificial Intelligence␈↓ L1


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ α{Proposed Research                          ␈↓ εx␈↓not␈αbe␈αeasy,␈αsince␈αnone␈αof␈αthe␈αsystems␈αwith␈α
the
                                           ␈↓ εx␈↓exception␈α~of␈α→pre-arranged␈α~sets␈α~of␈α→default
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        During␈α≥the␈α≤academic␈α≥year␈α≤1979-80,      ␈↓ εx␈↓assumptions has any obvious implementation.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Professor␈α→John␈α~McCarthy␈α→will␈α→be␈α~at␈α→the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Center␈αfor␈αAdvanced␈αStudy␈αin␈αthe␈αBehavioral      ␈↓ εx␈↓        2.␈αApplying␈αcircumscription␈αto␈αproofs␈αof
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Sciences␈α
(CASBS)␈αat␈α
Stanford.␈α There␈α
he␈αwill     ␈↓ εx␈↓non-knowledge seems promising.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓take␈α
part␈α
as␈α
chairman␈α
in␈α
a␈α
study␈α
on␈α
artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intelligence␈αand␈αphilosophy␈αas␈αpart␈αof␈αa␈αgroup    ␈↓ εx␈↓        McCarthy's␈α≥approach␈α≥to␈α≥formalizing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓of␈αseven␈α
computer␈αscientists,␈α
philosophers␈αand  ␈↓ εx␈↓concepts␈α"has␈α"been␈α"further␈α#pursued␈α"by
␈↓ ↓H␈↓psychologists.␈α∪ His␈α∀work␈α∪at␈α∪CASBS␈α∀will␈α∪be        ␈↓ εx␈↓McCarthy␈α∂and␈α∂also␈α∂by␈α∂Dr.␈α∂Lew␈α∂Creary,␈α∂who
␈↓ ↓H␈↓precisely␈α
along␈α
the␈α
lines␈α
of␈α
the␈α
proposal␈αwe␈α
are   ␈↓ εx␈↓has␈αsubmitted␈αa␈αpaper␈αto␈αthe␈α6th␈α
International
␈↓ ↓H␈↓proposing␈α↔to␈α↔continue,␈α↔and␈α↔the␈α↔grant␈α↔will        ␈↓ εx␈↓Joint␈α~Conference␈α~on␈α~Artificial␈α→Intelligence
␈↓ ↓H␈↓mainly␈α'finance␈α&his␈α'participation.␈α& The         ␈↓ εx␈↓based␈α⊂on␈α⊃his␈α⊂improvement␈α⊂of␈α⊃the␈α⊂McCarthy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓activities␈α∞of␈α∂the␈α∞other␈α∞participants,␈α∂though␈α∞of  ␈↓ εx␈↓formalism.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓course␈α
in␈α
accordance␈α
with␈α
their␈α∞own␈α
scientific
␈↓ ↓H␈↓interests,␈α!will␈α!contribute␈α!to␈α"solving␈α!the       ␈↓ εx␈↓        Two␈α∩papers␈α⊃based␈α∩on␈α⊃this␈α∩work␈α⊃have
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosophical␈α⊃problems␈α⊃of␈α⊃formalizing␈α⊃action   ␈↓ εx␈↓been␈α∨accepted␈α∨for␈α∨publication.␈α≡ ␈↓↓Ascribing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∪knowledge,␈α∪which␈α∪we␈α∪have␈α∪argued␈α∪are          ␈↓ εx␈↓↓Mental␈α
Qualities␈αto␈α
Machines␈↓␈αin␈α
␈↓αPhilosophical
␈↓ ↓H␈↓fundamental␈α∂for␈α∂further␈α∂progress␈α∂in␈α∞artificial  ␈↓ εx␈↓αPerspectives␈α*in␈α*Artificial␈α*Intelligence␈↓,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intelligence.␈α∞ Appendix␈α∞A␈α∞describes␈α∂the␈α∞study   ␈↓ εx␈↓Martin␈α∃Ringle␈α∃(ed.),␈α∀N.Y.,␈α∃1978,␈α∃and␈α∀"First
␈↓ ↓H␈↓further.␈α↔ Its␈α↔objectives␈α↔are␈α↔not␈α_more␈α↔fully      ␈↓ εx␈↓Order␈α⊃Theories␈α⊃of␈α⊃Individual␈α∩Concepts␈α⊃and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓prescribed than is expressed in that appendix.␈↓ εx␈↓Propositions",␈α in␈α ␈↓↓Machine␈α Intelligence␈α 9␈↓,
                                           ␈↓ εx␈↓Donald␈α∞Michie␈α∞(ed.),␈α
Scotland,␈α∞1979.␈α∞ A␈α
third
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        McCarthy's␈α⊗personal␈α⊗research␈α↔in␈α⊗that   ␈↓ εx␈↓paper␈α⊂on␈α⊂representing␈α⊂recursive␈α⊃programs␈α⊂in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓period␈αwill␈αprobably␈αcenter␈αon␈αnon-monotonic    ␈↓ εx␈↓first␈α
order␈α
theories␈αwas␈α
also␈α
completed␈αduring
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reasoning␈α∃and␈α∃the␈α∃further␈α∃formalization␈α∃of      ␈↓ εx␈↓the␈α→first␈α~year␈α→of␈α→the␈α~grant␈α→and␈α~will␈α→be
␈↓ ↓H␈↓concepts.                                  ␈↓ εx␈↓published␈α∂in␈α∂␈↓↓Proceedings␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂International
                                           ␈↓ εx␈↓↓Conference␈α&on␈α&Mathematical␈α&Studies␈α%of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        Non-monotonic␈α⊂reasoning,␈α⊂as␈α⊂described ␈↓ εx␈↓↓Information␈α!Processing␈↓,␈α!Kyoto␈α University,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓in␈α∩the␈α∩paper␈α∩␈↓↓Circumscription␈α∩Induction␈α∪-␈α∩A       ␈↓ εx␈↓Kyoto, Japan.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓↓Way␈α*of␈α*Jumping␈α*to␈α+Conclusions␈↓,␈α*is
␈↓ ↓H␈↓increasingly␈α⊗seen␈α⊗as␈α⊗a␈α⊗requirement␈α⊗for␈α⊗AI
␈↓ ↓H␈↓systems.␈α⊃ Drew␈α∩McDermott␈α⊃of␈α⊃Yale␈α∩and␈α⊃Jon
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Doyle␈α∩of␈α∪M.I.T.␈α∩ recently␈α∪wrote␈α∩a␈α∪paper␈α∩on
␈↓ ↓H␈↓non-monotonic␈α0reasoning␈α1proposing␈α0a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓di␈↓↓␈↓β@␈↓↓␈↓erent␈α≤approach␈α≤from␈α≤McCarthy's.␈α≤ An
␈↓ ↓H␈↓impromptu␈α6mini-conference␈α6on␈α5non-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓monotonic␈α∞reasoning␈α∞was␈α∞held␈α∞at␈α∂Stanford␈α∞in
␈↓ ↓H␈↓November␈α∞1978␈α∞and␈α∞attracted␈α∂50␈α∞participants
␈↓ ↓H␈↓who␈α∂heard␈α⊂papers␈α∂by␈α∂John␈α⊂McCarthy,␈α∂Drew
␈↓ ↓H␈↓McDermott,␈α_Terry␈α_Winograd␈α→and␈α_Richard
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Weyhrauch.␈α+ The␈α+proceedings␈α+of␈α*the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓conference␈α_will␈α_be␈α→a␈α_special␈α_issue␈α→of␈α_the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓journal ␈↓↓Artificial Intelligence␈↓.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓        The␈α&work␈α%on␈α&on␈α%non-monotonic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reasoning␈α?␈απwill␈α?␈απinclude␈α?␈αεcomparing
␈↓ ↓H␈↓circumscription␈αwith␈αthe␈αMcDermott␈αapproach
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α→discussing␈α→how␈α→to␈α→do␈α_non-monotonic
␈↓ ↓H␈↓reasoning␈αin␈α
computational␈αsystems.␈α This␈α
may
␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ ∧ABasic Research in Artificial Intelligence␈↓ J2


␈↓ ↓H␈↓α␈↓ αλAppendix A - The 1979-80 Study on          ␈↓ εx␈↓the␈α≡gap␈α≡between␈α≡the␈α≡abstract␈α≡world␈α≥of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓ ↓}␈↓αPhilosphy and Artificial Intelligence      ␈↓ εx␈↓philosophy␈α≥and␈α≥artificial␈α≥intelligence␈α≥and
                                           ␈↓ εx␈↓practical␈α
real␈αworld␈α
problems␈α
of␈αeducation␈α
and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        The␈α_Center␈α↔for␈α_Advanced␈α_Study␈α↔in        ␈↓ εx␈↓industry.␈α∃ Cognitive␈α∃psychology␈α∃has␈α∀already
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Behavioral␈α↔Sciences␈α↔located␈α↔at␈α↔Stanford␈α⊗is      ␈↓ εx␈↓benefitted␈α∩from␈α⊃the␈α∩concreteness␈α∩of␈α⊃artificial
␈↓ ↓H␈↓arranging␈α⊂a␈α⊂group␈α⊂project␈α⊂at␈α⊂the␈α⊃Center␈α⊂for       ␈↓ εx␈↓intelligence␈α
systems␈α
and␈α
will␈α
also␈α
benefit␈αfrom
␈↓ ↓H␈↓1979-80␈α_on␈α_the␈α↔general␈α_topic␈α_of␈α↔artificial       ␈↓ εx␈↓the␈α∀identification␈α∪and␈α∀solution␈α∪of␈α∀the␈α∪more
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intelligence␈α?␈α¬and␈α?␈α¬philosophy.␈α?␈α¬ The             ␈↓ εx␈↓straightforward␈α)problems␈α)of␈α)knowledge,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓interdisciplinary␈α$group␈α$begins␈α$with␈α#the        ␈↓ εx␈↓wanting and obligation.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓premise␈α∀that␈α∪both␈α∀artificial␈α∀intelligence␈α∪and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosophy␈α≥are␈α≤concerned␈α≥with␈α≤intelligent      ␈↓ εx␈↓        The␈α'scientists␈α'who␈α'are␈α¤tly
␈↓ ↓H␈↓behavior␈α∩in␈α∩physical␈α∩and␈α∪biological␈α∩systems.    ␈↓ εx␈↓scheduled␈αto␈αparticipate␈αin␈αthis␈α
group␈αinclude:
␈↓ ↓H␈↓Both␈α6face␈α6conceptual␈α6problems␈α5in               ␈↓ εx␈↓Professor␈α-John␈α.McCarthy␈α-(Chairman),
␈↓ ↓H␈↓characterizing␈α
behavior.␈α
 On␈α
the␈α
philosophical ␈↓ εx␈↓Computer␈α
Science,␈α
Stanford␈αUniversity;␈α
Daniel
␈↓ ↓H␈↓side,␈α≥Daniel␈α≥Dennett,␈α≥among␈α≡others,␈α≥has         ␈↓ εx␈↓Dennett,␈α∩Philosophy,␈α∩Tufts␈α∪University;␈α∩John
␈↓ ↓H␈↓characterized␈α⊗intentional␈α⊗systems␈α↔which␈α⊗are    ␈↓ εx␈↓Haugeland,␈α1Philosophy,␈α2University␈α1of
␈↓ ↓H␈↓physical␈α⊗systems␈α∃to␈α⊗which␈α∃can␈α⊗be␈α∃ascribed        ␈↓ εx␈↓Pittsburgh;␈αPatrick␈αHayes,␈α
Computer␈αSciences,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intentional␈αqualities␈αsuch␈αas␈αbeliefs␈αand␈αwants. ␈↓ εx␈↓University␈α*of␈α*Essex;␈α*Marvin␈α*Minsky,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓On␈α≡the␈α∨artificial␈α≡intelligence␈α∨side,␈α≡John       ␈↓ εx␈↓Computer␈α.Science-Electrical␈α-Engineering,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓McCarthy␈α↔has␈α↔indentified␈α↔conditions␈α↔when       ␈↓ εx␈↓M.I.T.;␈α≠Robert␈α≠Moore,␈α≠Computer␈α~Science-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓mental qualities can be ascribed to machines.␈↓ εx␈↓Engineering,␈αSRI␈αInternational;␈αand␈αZenon␈αW.
                                           ␈↓ εx␈↓Pylyshyn,␈α∩Psychology,␈α∩University␈α∩of␈α⊃Western
␈↓ ↓H␈↓        Artificial␈α5intelligence␈α6helps␈α5the     ␈↓ εx␈↓Ontario.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosopher,␈α"because␈α#intelligent␈α"programs
␈↓ ↓H␈↓provide␈αa␈α
domain␈αwhere␈αbehavior␈α
is␈αprecisely
␈↓ ↓H␈↓defined␈α∂but␈α⊂to␈α∂which␈α⊂one␈α∂must␈α⊂ascribe␈α∂some
␈↓ ↓H␈↓intellectual␈αqualities␈αif␈α
one␈αis␈αto␈α
describe␈αwhat
␈↓ ↓H␈↓one␈α∂knows␈α∂about␈α∂its␈α∂behavior.␈α⊂ For␈α∂example,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓what␈α∃a␈α∃particular␈α∃person␈α∃knows␈α∃about␈α∃the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓state␈α
of␈α
a␈α
particular␈α
computer␈αoperating␈α
system
␈↓ ↓H␈↓may␈αbe␈αexpressed␈αas␈αascribing␈αto␈αthe␈αprogram
␈↓ ↓H␈↓an␈α∂incorrect␈α∂belief␈α⊂that␈α∂a␈α∂certain␈α∂user␈α⊂of␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓system␈α∀does␈α∃not␈α∀want␈α∃to␈α∀run␈α∃his␈α∀program.
␈↓ ↓H␈↓From␈α
the␈αartificial␈α
intelligence␈αpoint␈α
of␈αview,␈α
a
␈↓ ↓H␈↓program␈α∃that␈α∃plans␈α∀travel␈α∃must␈α∃know␈α∀that
␈↓ ↓H␈↓travel␈αagents␈αknow␈αairline␈αschedules␈αand␈αmust
␈↓ ↓H␈↓know␈αthat␈αthe␈αgate␈αat␈αwhich␈αa␈α␈↓↓␈↓βD␈↓↓␈↓ight␈αwill␈αleave
␈↓ ↓H␈↓an␈α
intermediate␈α
stop␈α
is␈α
not␈α
knowable␈αinitially,
␈↓ ↓H␈↓but␈α⊂can␈α⊂easily␈α∂be␈α⊂discovered␈α⊂by␈α⊂an␈α∂English-
␈↓ ↓H␈↓speaking␈α∞traveller␈α
in␈α∞the␈α
United␈α∞States␈α∞at␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓time the information will be required.

␈↓ ↓H␈↓        While␈α⊃no␈α⊃one␈α∩expects␈α⊃to␈α⊃solve␈α∩all␈α⊃the
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosophical␈α↔puzzles␈α_concerning␈α↔knowledge
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∂wants␈α∂in␈α⊂the␈α∂near␈α∂future,␈α∂joint␈α⊂work␈α∂by
␈↓ ↓H␈↓philosophers␈α∂and␈α∂artificial␈α∂intelligence␈α∂people
␈↓ ↓H␈↓can␈α∃identify␈α⊗and␈α∃solve␈α⊗some␈α∃of␈α⊗the␈α∃easier
␈↓ ↓H␈↓problems.␈α
 Sorting␈α∞out␈α
the␈α
problems␈α∞into␈α
easy
␈↓ ↓H␈↓and␈α∪hard␈α∪will␈α∩benefit␈α∪both␈α∪philosophy␈α∩and
␈↓ ↓H␈↓artificial␈α⊗intelligence␈α∃and␈α⊗facilitate␈α∃bridging